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Aerospace & Defense CNC Machining 20 Nov 2025

4-Axis Machining

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How 4-Axis CNC Machining Works

01 Design Preparation

A part is first designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software. It describes the component’s design in a 2D or 3D format, including dimensions, tolerances and features. Once the design is finalized, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software converts it into a toolpath that the 4-axis milling machine can follow.

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02 Machine Setup

The block of material (the workpiece) is securely mounted to the machine’s cutting table and it’s set up with the appropriate cutting tools. Some 4-axis milling machines include a tool magazine that enables it to automatically change tools during the milling process. The code to control the job is then transferred to the machine’s control system.

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03 Machining & Post-Processing

The machine’s spindle moves the rotating cutting tool along the X, Y and Z axes, removing material to shape the part. The workpiece can also be rotated around the A axis, giving the cutting tool expanded access to other surfaces of it. This freedom of movement also enables the cutting tool to create angled and curved surfaces. Once the machining process is complete, any necessary finishing operations, such as cleaning and deburring, are performed.

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Is 4-Axis Machining Right For Your Project?

Advantages

  • Can Produce More Complex Parts

    4-axis machines are ideal for creating intricate designs and curved features that are difficult or impossible with 3-axis machines.

  • Fewer Setups

    The addition of the fourth axis allows for multi-sided machining without having to manually reposition the workpiece, which saves time and reduces labor costs. This also contributes to faster production times.

  • Increased Accuracy

    Holding the part in a single setup improves accuracy and enables tighter tolerances across multiple sides of the workpiece.

  • Better Surface Finishes

    A single setup can lead to better surface finishes because the cutting tool can maintain a more optimal proximity to the workpiece.

Disadvantages

  • More Complex Programming

    Programming a 4-axis machine requires more advanced knowledge to program the additional rotational axis and operate the machine.

  • Potential for Reduced Speed

    For certain parts, the rotational movement can sometimes reduce machining speed compared to the simpler, linear movements of a 3-axis machine.

  • Geometry Limitations

    Certain complex part geometries require simultaneous movement in more than four axes, which is beyond the capability of 4-axis machines.

4-Axis Machining Offers Exceptional Versatility

Aerospace Parts

The versatility of 4-axis machines enables them to manufacture more complex parts with tighter tolerances for aerospace and defense applications. Examples include aircraft propellers, turbine blades and hydraulic actuators.

Medical Applications

4-axis machines enable the production of more complex, higher-precision components used in medical equipment and device applications, such as . surgical instruments, prosthetics and medical implants.

Automotive Parts

4-axis milling machines enable the production of complex, tight-tolerance parts used in cars, trucks and off-highway vehicles. Examples include engine blocks, cylinder heads and transmission components – parts that must be able to take a beating and keep operating reliably..

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Additional CNC Machining Resources

CNC Machining
3-Axis Machining

Why Choose Fathom for 4-Axis Machining?

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